Remote System Programs High-level services allow users and programs to interact with automated services on remote machines and with remote users. This section des...
Routing Protocols An Internet is a combination of networks connected by routers. When a datagram goes from a source to a destination, it will probably pass t...
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application-layer protocol that facilitates the exchange of management information betw...
Electronic Mail In this article, we consider electronic mail service and the protocols that support it. An electronic mail (e-mail) facility allows users t...
File Transfer The file transfer application allows users to send or receive a copy of a data file. Access to data on remote files takes two forms: whole-...
UDP Header UDP receives the data and adds the UDP header. UDP then passes the user datagram to the IP with the socket addresses. IP adds its own heade...
World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW) is a repository of information spread all over the world and linked together. The WWW is a distributed client-serv...
Transport Layer Protocols Two protocols exist for the transport layer: TCP and UDP. Both TCP and UDP lie between the application layer and the network layer. As a ne...
Call On A Professional For Your Toughest Questions You remember Mr. Know-It-All. Maybe you called him Mr. Smartypants, but we can all remember the kid with all the answers. With his right ha...
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients. IG...
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) The ICMP is an extension to the Internet Protocol which is used to communicate between a gateway and a source host, to manage errors and ge...
IP Version 6 (IPv6, or IPng) The evolution of TCP/IP technology has led on to attempts to solve problems that improve service and extend functionalities. Most researche...
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) IP (logical) addresses are assigned independently from physical (hardware) addresses. The logical address is called a 32-bit IP address, an...
IP Routing In a connectionless packet delivery system, the basic unit of transfer is the IP datagram. The routing problem is characterised by describi...
Mapping by Mask Masking is a process that extracts the physical network address from an IP address. Masking can be accomplished regardless of whether it ha...
Subnetting and Supernetting The increasing number of hosts connected to the Internet and restrictions imposed by the Internet addressing scheme led to the idea of subn...
IP Addressing Schemes Each IP address is made of two parts in such a way that the netid defines a network and the hostid identifies a host on that network. An IP...
IP Addressing Addresses belonging to three different layers of TCP/IP architecture are describe below: Physical (local or link) address At the physic...
Internet Protocol (IP) The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network layer (layer 3 in the OSI model or the Internet layer in the TCP/IP model) protocol which contains ...
TCP/IP Model A protocol is a set of rules governing the way data will be transmitted and received over data communication networks. Protocols are then t...